|
Considered to be neurologically based, nonverbal learning disorder, otherwise known as nonverbal learning disability (NLD or NVLD), is characterized by verbal strengths as well as visual-spatial, motor and social skills deficits.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nonverbal Learning Disorders )〕 People with this disorder may not perceive nonverbal cues such as facial expression or tone of voice. Challenges with mathematics and handwriting are typical. Labels for specific associated issues include visual-spatial processing deficit, Dyscalculia (or Mathematics Disorder), Dysgraphia (writing difficulty), as well as Dyspraxia. Assorted diagnoses have been discussed as sharing symptoms with NLD. These conditions include Developmental Right Hemisphere Syndrome,〔 Developmental Coordination Disorder,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://canchild.ca/en/resources/135-recognizing-and-referring-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-the-role-of-the-psychologist )〕 Social-Emotional Processing Disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, Gerstmann syndrome〔 and others. While "nonverbal" (perceptual/cognitive and motor) impairments were recognized since early studies in child neurology, there is on-going debate as to whether/or the extent to which existing conceptions of NLD provide a valid diagnostic framework. As originally presented "disorders of nonverbal learning" was a category encompassing primarily non-linguistic learning difficulties (Johnson and Myklebust, 1967) and then "nonverbal learning disabilities" was discussed as a type of learning disability with various sub-types (Myklebust,1975). Later neuropsychologist Byron Rourke sought to define a clinically discrete NLD syndrome employing a specific theory of brain functioning (1989). In light of emerging neuroscientific research, questions remain about how best to frame the perceptual, cognitive and motor issues associated with NLD.〔 The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) and ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) do not include NLD as a diagnosis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F80-F89/F81-/F81.9 )〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nonverbal learning disorder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|